Lesson 7: Who do you give presents to?

The particle 「de」 expresses the means, tool, or language used to perform an action.

Used to ask how to say a word or sentence in another language.

Used to express the action of giving a gift or item to someone else. The particle 「ni」 indicates the receiver.

Used to express the action of lending an item to someone else.

Used to express the action of teaching or conveying knowledge.

Used with verbs that involve receiving, such as "Receive" (Moraimasu), "Borrow" (Karimasu), "Learn" (Naraimasu). The particle 「ni」 or 「kara」 indicates the source.

Expresses an action that has already been completed.

• Question: Have you already ...?

• Answer "Not yet": Use 「iie, mada desu」 (as opposed to V-masen deshita).